Recently, however, social media platforms and instant messaging applications have become particularly dynamic online channels through which MDMA is sold to consumers. Based on reporting from drug-checking clients, the majority of samples were reported as being obtained from a supplier (either a trusted buy mdma supplier or a random street supplier) and a smaller proportion (close to 5 %) as bought on the internet (surface web or darknet). For example, 79 % of the Polish respondents reported mostly buying the drug, compared to 51 % of the respondents from Luxembourg. Studying the drug purchasing behaviours of users is useful for understanding market dynamics, but challenging given the clandestine nature of these transactions.
Wastewater-based methods
For the six countries that reported data for 2022, prices for tablets varied from EUR 733 to EUR 7 228. Tablets containing more than 150 milligrams of MDMA are considered high-strength ecstasy tablets, given the dose of MDMA required to elicit subjective effects in adults (a). On occasion, exceptionally high-strength ecstasy tablets were reported, reaching upwards of 250 milligrams of MDMA per tablet, which made up 1 % of all tablets tested in 2023 (3 % in the same period in 2022). In 2023, 39 % of the MDMA tablets tested by drug checking organisations submitting data to the TEDI network contained between 100 and 149.0 milligrams of MDMA (35 % in the same period in 2022), and 26 % contained between 150 and 199.9 milligrams (29 % in 2022).
Increased ener


Crystal MDMA was marketed as a purer product compared to ecstasy tablets, an assertion that was and remains largely true (see Section The trend of large tablets containing more MDMA may be reversing). One way to observe these cycles buy mdma is to monitor rates of adulteration, as expressed by the percentage of tested samples of seized ecstasy tablets that contain MDMA and no other scheduled substances. Despite this, on average, only a minority of EWSD respondents reported obtaining the drug online, although this varied widely across countries. MDMA is one of the most frequently traded drugs online across a range of platforms, including darknet markets (see Section Trafficking and distribution — online trade and distribution on darknet markets) as well as surface web and social media platform

All of the 10 cities with data for both 2011 and 2023 had higher MDMA levels in 2023 than in 2011 (see Figure 6.6. Key prevalence data for MDMA/ecstasy use in Europe). Of the 69 cities that have data for 2022 and 2023, 42 reported an increase, 11 reported a stable situation and 16 a decrease. Importantly, reported use of the drug declined temporarily during periods of social distancing during the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, coinciding with the closure buy mdma of nightlife and the cancellation of events where MDMA is typically consumed.


Together, these two data sources suggests that the large majority of MDMA users buy the drug themselves, and that a smaller proportion obtains it for free, despite marked differences among EU countries. Despite their image as risk-taking hedonists, people who use drugs recreationally do seek out and share harm reduction strategies, often alongside ‘pleasure maximisation’ strategies (the latter often requiring considerable knowledge of drug research, policy and practice). Given the right information and opportunities, most people who use drugs will make rational risk-management decisions when they do so. Given the option, it is clear that people who use MDMA and other drugs will embrace harm reduction approaches, and support their development. Harm reduction is not a principle that policy makers will need to force upon people who use MDMA or other drugs in nightlife and party settings. Significant numbers of people not only like MDMA’s effects and are willing to take known risks (health and legal) to enjoy them, but they seem to prefer it to most available substitute


Almost two thirds (503) of all new treatment entrants were reported from three countries, Germany (213); France (169) and Hungary (121). At EU and country level, people seeking drug treatment for MDMA-related problems represent a very small proportion of all clients entering drug treatment – typically less than 0.5 % of all new entrants into drug treatment in any given year. Demographic insights obtained from drug-related emergencies are in general buy mdma agreement with other data sources (see Section Prevalence and patterns of use).
MDMA rarely cited as a reason for entering drug treatment in Europe
By combining these data, the estimated annual value of the retail market for MDMA in Europe is at least EUR 594 million, around 90 % of which can be attributed to frequent users. The price data used was the average retail price for MDMA in buy mdma the country concerned, drawn from the EUDA’s annual data collection (see Section Price and purity). For some countries (Belgium, Croatia, Denmark, France, Malta, Netherlands, Norway and Türkiye) no data were available from the EWSD. The annual amounts used, in tablets, could be estimated for each survey participant based on their responses to questions on the number of tablets used on a typical day, multiplied by the number of days they said they used the drug in a year. As such, only last year prevalence and last month prevalence data are required to distinguish these two group