Although often used interchangeably, ecstasy and MDMA are not necessarily synonyms. Additionally, particularly with instant messaging applications, transactions may be organised online, but completed using in-person pick-up or ‘dead-drop’ delivery. Recently, however, social media platforms and instant messaging applications have become particularly dynamic online channels through which MDMA is sold to consumers.
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Given the option, it is clear that people who use MDMA and other drugs will embrace harm reduction approaches, and support their development. Harm reduction is not a principle that policy makers will need to force upon people who use MDMA or other drugs in nightlife and party settings. Significant numbers of people not only like MDMA’s effects and are willing to take known risks (health and legal) to enjoy them, but they seem to prefer it to most available substitutes. Perhaps most obviously it demonstrates, yet again, the futility of putting enforcement, targeting either people who use or supply, at the forefront of the policy response to drugs. The EMCDDA also reported in 2019 that ‘transactions involving quantities of MDMA tablets https://royalmedspharma.com indicative of the middle level of the market account for more than double the revenue of sales of retail-level quantities’.
MDMA rarely cited as a reason for entering drug treatment in Europe
These products may make the use of MDMA more socially acceptable and appeal to non-habitual consumers and young people. In https://royalmedspharma.com recent years, the appearance of alternative (non-tablet) edible consumer products containing MDMA has also been reported, including candies, jellies, gummies and lollipops (see Box 6.1. Lollipops containing MDMA seized in Belgium). Additional data were shared with the EUDA by the Drug information and Monitoring System (DIMS) in the Netherlands. However, these data are not generalisable either, and as such should be interpreted with caution. Samples submitted to drug-checking services can also provide an indication of the products available to consumer

Rates of adulteration of ecstasy tablets, their MDMA content and their price tend to reflect broader changes in the factors that affect the MDMA market. MDMA is most commonly found on the European market in the form of ecstasy tablets, relatively pure crystals or powders (finely ground crystals of MDMA that are typically mixed with other substances). Analysis of drugs sold as MDMA/ecstasy in Australia shows that these contain a wide range of substances, and some contain no MDMA at all.
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Estimates from darknet market studies in 2015 suggested that MDMA was the third most popular drug (after cannabis and pharmaceuticals) purchased on the darknet, accounting for 25% of drug sales. MDMA has also https://royalmedspharma.com developed a substantial niche in online darknet markets accessed via dedicated TOR browsers and paid for using cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. The addiction risk ties back to its effects on neurotransmitter

Consumers in the Netherlands will typically pay EUR 4.50 per tablet but, as stated above, prices may reach as high as EUR 19 per tablet in some European countries, and more in other regions of the world.


Adulteration appears to be more frequent in ecstasy tablets than in MDMA crystals. The increase in ecstasy tablets containing only MDMA from 2013 until 2019 is likely to be a reflection of this, at least in part. From 2004 to 2009, the proportion of seized European ecstasy tablets that contained MDMA as the only scheduled substance dropped substantially. When availability of MDMA is high, ecstasy tablets tend to contain MDMA as the main or only psychoactive ingredient, with the opposite occurring when there are shortages. Retail quantities sold online are often dispatched in post and parcels from EU Member States to consumer markets in Europe and globally, and cryptocurrencies are often used to settle these online transactions. An equal percentage of respondents reported delivery through regular mail or post, and picking the drugs up from a location without any personal contact (7 %

Information gathered in the 2021 EWSD suggests that, on average, those who reported having used MDMA in the last 12 months, consumed one ecstasy tablet or 0.4 grams of MDMA in crystal or powders form each time they used the dru

The detection of mixtures of MDMA and ketamine combined with other substances including cocaine have also increased in some regions of Europe, and are sold as ‘pink cocaine’, ‘tuci’ or ‘tucibi’ (see Box 6.3. What is tucibi?).

Again, these data should be interpreted with caution and not necessarily be seen as statistically representative of the market as a whole. Crystal MDMA appeared on the European market at that time, as a response to a fall in consumer confidence due to concerns about the low quality of ecstasy. However, adulteration is commonplace, and therefore these tablets may contain a variety of substances in addition to, or instead of, MDMA. Based on reporting from drug-checking clients, the majority of samples were reported as being obtained from a supplier (either a trusted supplier or a random street supplier) and a smaller proportion (close to 5 %) as bought on the internet (surface web or darknet).